{"id":1646,"date":"2009-08-31T21:42:58","date_gmt":"2009-08-31T19:42:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/deleet.dk\/?p=1646"},"modified":"2009-08-31T21:42:58","modified_gmt":"2009-08-31T19:42:58","slug":"doksastisk-logik-inkonsistens-og-eksplosioner","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/?p=1646","title":{"rendered":"Doksastisk logik, inkonsistens og eksplosioner"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- \t\t@page { margin: 2cm } \t\tP { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; line-height: 150% } \t\tH1 { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; background: transparent; line-height: 150% } \t\tH1.western { font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; font-size: 16pt } \t\tH1.cjk { font-family: \"MS Mincho\"; font-size: 16pt } \t\tH1.ctl { font-family: \"Tahoma\"; font-size: 16pt } \t\tTD P { margin-bottom: 0cm } \t\tP.sdfootnote { margin-left: 0.5cm; text-indent: -0.5cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 100% } \t\tA.sdfootnoteanc { font-size: 57% } --><\/p>\n<h1>Teori<\/h1>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Alle eller n\u00e6sten alle mennesker har pr\u00f8vet flere gange at opdage, at to af de domme de gik og troede p\u00e5 var inkonsistente. Dette sker forholdsvis ofte. Herfra slutter vi induktivt til at n\u00e6sten alle mennesker p.t. tror p\u00e5 noget inkonsistent. Men hvis en person tror p\u00e5 noget inkonsistent, s\u00e5 er alle domme slutbare i personens trosystem. Alligevel er vi tilb\u00f8jelige til ikke at benytte os af denne chance til at r\u00e6sonnere os frem til hvad som helst.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Lad os se p\u00e5 argumentet i sin fulde form:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">D:s \u2261 Subjekter,<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">D:p \u2261 Domme.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Ts[p] \u2261 S tror at p. Det som subjektet tror p\u00e5 er det der st\u00e5r inden i klammerne \u201d[]\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Ss[p] \u2261 p er slutbar i S&#8217;s trosystem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">s \u2261 S<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\" width=\"100%\" bordercolor=\"#000000\">\n<col width=\"7*\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"129*\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"64*\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"57*\"><\/col>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"3%\">n<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Dom<\/td>\n<td width=\"25%\">Symboler<\/td>\n<td width=\"22%\">Forklaring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"3%\">1<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Der eksisterer mindst en dom s\u00e5ledes at S tror p\u00e5 den og S \t\t\ttror p\u00e5 dommens negation.<\/td>\n<td width=\"25%\">(\u2203p)(Ts[p]\u2227Ts[\u00acp])<\/td>\n<td width=\"22%\">Pr\u00e6mis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"3%\">2<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">Der eksisterer mindst en dom s\u00e5ledes at S tror p\u00e5 den og S \t\t\ttror p\u00e5 dommens negation logisk implicerer at for alle p, p er \t\t\tslutbart i S&#8217;s trosystem.<\/td>\n<td width=\"25%\">(\u2203p)(Ts[p]\u2227Ts[\u00acp])\u21d2(\u2200p)(Ss[p])<\/td>\n<td width=\"22%\">Pr\u00e6mis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"3%\">3<\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">For alle p, p er slutbart i S&#8217;s trosystem.<\/td>\n<td width=\"25%\">(\u2200p)(Ss[p])<\/td>\n<td width=\"22%\">Slutning fra 1,2, MP.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Lad os s\u00e5 se eksplosionsargumentet:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\" width=\"339\" bordercolor=\"#000000\">\n<col width=\"15\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"77\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"63\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"150\"><\/col>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"15\">n<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">Dom<\/td>\n<td width=\"63\">Symboler<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">Forklaring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"15\">1a<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">P og ikke-P.<\/td>\n<td width=\"63\">P\u2227\u00acP<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">Pr\u00e6mis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"15\">2a<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">P.<\/td>\n<td width=\"63\">P<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">Slutning fra 1, simp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"15\">3a<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">P eller Q.<\/td>\n<td width=\"63\">P\u2228Q<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">Slutning fra 2, DI.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"15\">4a<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">Ikke-P.<\/td>\n<td width=\"63\">\u00acP<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">Slutning fra 1, simp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"15\">5a<\/td>\n<td width=\"77\">Q.<\/td>\n<td width=\"63\">Q<\/td>\n<td width=\"150\">Slutning fra 3a, 4a, DS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Nu bruger vi en lidt st\u00e6rkere version af fremgangsm\u00e5den fra tidligere til at skabe en doksastisk logisk version af dette argument. Fremgangsm\u00e5de:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">1. Foran alle atomare domme i alle pr\u00e6misser inds\u00e6ttes \u201dS tror at \u201d.<a name=\"sdfootnote1anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><br \/>\n2. Foran slutninger inkl. konklusionen inds\u00e6ttes \u201dDet er slutbart i S&#8217;s trosystem at \u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Argumentets kompleksitet kr\u00e6ver at det overs\u00e6ttes til pr\u00e6dikatslogik. Nu skaber vi en doksastisk logisk version af eksplosionsargumentet:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\" width=\"100%\" bordercolor=\"#000000\">\n<col width=\"10*\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"140*\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"53*\"><\/col>\n<col width=\"53*\"><\/col>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"4%\">a<\/td>\n<td width=\"55%\">Dom<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Symboler<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Forklaring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"4%\">1b<\/td>\n<td width=\"55%\">Der eksisterer mindst en P s\u00e5ledes at S tror at (P og ikke-P).<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">(\u2203p)(Ts[p]\u2227Ts[\u00acp])<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Pr\u00e6mis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"4%\">2b<\/td>\n<td width=\"55%\">P er slutbart i S&#8217;s trosystem.<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Ss[p]<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Slutning fra 1b.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"4%\">3b<\/td>\n<td width=\"55%\">(P eller Q) er slutbart i S&#8217;s trosystem.<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Ss[p\u2228q]<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Slutning fra 2b.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"4%\">4b<\/td>\n<td width=\"55%\">Ikke-P er slutbart i S&#8217;s trosystem.<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Ss[\u00acp]<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Slutning fra 1b.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"4%\">5b<\/td>\n<td width=\"55%\">Q er slutbar i S&#8217;s trosystem.<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Ss[q]<\/td>\n<td width=\"21%\">Slutning fra 3b, 4b.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Bem\u00e6rk ogs\u00e5 at Q kan v\u00e6re hvilken som helst dom, s\u00e5 faktisk kunne man i stedet for (5b) skrive: (\u2200q)(Ss[q]), alts\u00e5: For alle q, q er slutbar i S&#8217;s trosystem, og i stedet for (3b) skrive (\u2200q)(Ss[p\u2228q]), alts\u00e5: For alle q, p eller q er slutbar i S&#8217;s trosystem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">Siden at (5b) er logisk impliceret af (3b) og (4b), og at disse domme er logisk impliceret af (1b), s\u00e5  logisk implicerer (1b) (5b). Dette er (2).<\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p><a name=\"sdfootnote1sym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\">1<\/a>En \tatomar dom er en dom der er repr\u00e6senteret af et enkelt bogstav, fx \tp. Dette skrives for at undg\u00e5 at \u201dS tror at \u201d s\u00e6ttes foran \tkvantorerne (fx (\u2200x) og (\u2203x)) i pr\u00e6dikatslogik.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teori Alle eller n\u00e6sten alle mennesker har pr\u00f8vet flere gange at opdage, at to af de domme de gik og troede p\u00e5 var inkonsistente. Dette sker forholdsvis ofte. Herfra slutter vi induktivt til at n\u00e6sten alle mennesker p.t. tror p\u00e5 noget inkonsistent. Men hvis en person tror p\u00e5 noget inkonsistent, s\u00e5 er alle domme slutbare [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,14],"tags":[288,322,574],"class_list":["post-1646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-epistemologi","category-modal-logik-filosofi-filosofi","tag-doksastisk-logik","tag-eksplosion","tag-inkonsistens"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1646","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1646"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1646\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1646"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1646"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/da\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1646"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}