{"id":4742,"date":"2015-02-18T02:48:11","date_gmt":"2015-02-18T01:48:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/?page_id=4742"},"modified":"2020-02-21T22:42:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-21T21:42:54","slug":"list-of-effects-that-were-thought-to-be-environmental-but-was-actually-a-genetic-confound","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/list-of-effects-that-were-thought-to-be-environmental-but-was-actually-a-genetic-confound\/","title":{"rendered":"List of familial confounds"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>For many decades various environmental variables have been interpreted as causal factors without adequate genetically informative designs being used. In the last decade or so, many large genetically informative studies began to be published showing that the statistical relationships between environmental variables and outcome variables were not causal, but resulted from a genetic confound i.e. environment variables are often heritable too. This page is meant as a collection of such studies, so that <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prior_probability\">one may adjust one&#8217;s expectations<\/a>. In short, one should stop making the <em>sociologist&#8217;s fallacy<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Each header is the alleged environmental cause, each bullet is the supposed outcome.<\/p>\n<p><em>Note: some studies also found shared environmental confounds, so while genetics did not explain all of the association, the purported environmental cause didn&#8217;t either.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Neighborhood deprivation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-impact-of-neighbourhood-deprivation-on-adolescent-violent-criminality-and-substance-misuse-A-longitudinal-quasi-experimental-study-of-the-total-Swedish-population.pdf\">Adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Does-Population-Density-and-Neighborhood-Deprivation-Predict-Schizophrenia-A-Nationwide-Swedish-Family-Based-Study-of-2.4-Million-Individuals.pdf\">Schizophrenia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Population density<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Does-Population-Density-and-Neighborhood-Deprivation-Predict-Schizophrenia-A-Nationwide-Swedish-Family-Based-Study-of-2.4-Million-Individuals.pdf\">Schizophrenia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Childhood family income<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Childhood-family-income-adolescent-violent-criminality-and-substance-misuse-quasi-experimental-total-population-study.pdf\">Adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Exercise<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-association-between-exercise-participation-and-well-being-a-co-twin-study..pdf\">Well-being<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/?p=4556\">see also<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Testing-causality-in-the-association-between-regular-exercise-and-symptoms-of-anxiety-and-depression..pdf\">Symptoms of anxiety and depression<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Music practice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Practice-Does-Not-Make-Perfect-No-Causal-Effect-of-Music-Practice-on-Music-Ability.pdf\">Music ability (rhythm, melody, and pitch discrimination)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Maternal smoking during pregnancy<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Maternal-Smoking-During-Pregnancy-and-Adverse-Outcomes-in-Offspring-Genetic-and-Environmental-Sources-of-Covariance.pdf\">Cognitive (low academic achievement and general cognitive ability) and externalizing outcomes (criminal conviction, violent criminal conviction and drug misuse), <em>but<\/em> effects found for pregnancy outcomes (birth weight, preterm birth and being born small for gestational age)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Being a teenage mother<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Teenage-childbirth-and-young-adult-criminal-convictions-A-quasi-experimental-study-of-criminal-outcomes-for-teenage-mothers.pdf\">Young adult criminal convictions: <\/a>shared environmental and genetic confound, 67% and 31% respectively<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Early age at first sexual intercourse<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Why-does-early-sexual-intercourse-predict-subsequent-maladjustment-Exploring-potential-familial-confounds.pdf\">Psychosocial maladjustment<\/a>: Cannabis use, alcohol abuse\/dependency, depressive symptoms, criminal offending, adolescent childbearing, various amounts of genetic and shared environmental confounding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Low socioeconomic status (education, income)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Socioeconomic-status-and-sick-leave-granted-for-mental-and-somatic-disorders-a-prospective-study-of-young-adult-twins.pdf\">Sick leave (mental and somatic disorders)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Education<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Does-Education-Lower-Allostatic-Load-A-Co-twin-Control-Study.pdf\">Allostatic load (composite index of health risk)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>High school friendships<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Friends-or-family-Revisiting-the-effects-of-high-school-popularity-on-adult-earnings.pdf\">Adult income<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Smoking cannabis<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org.sci-hub.io\/content\/113\/5\/E500.abstract.html?etoc\">Lower intelligence<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For many decades various environmental variables have been interpreted as causal factors without adequate genetically informative designs being used. In the last decade or so, many large genetically informative studies began to be published showing that the statistical relationships between environmental variables and outcome variables were not causal, but resulted from a genetic confound i.e. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4742","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4742","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4742"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4742\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5845,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4742\/revisions\/5845"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}