{"id":13164,"date":"2024-05-19T18:26:09","date_gmt":"2024-05-19T17:26:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/?p=13164"},"modified":"2024-06-25T11:36:57","modified_gmt":"2024-06-25T10:36:57","slug":"did-high-iqs-protect-top-nazis-at-nuremberg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/2024\/05\/did-high-iqs-protect-top-nazis-at-nuremberg\/","title":{"rendered":"Did high IQs protect top Nazis at Nuremberg?"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Nazis famously carried out a number of atrocities involving the populations under their dominion. Most famously, this involved the mass murders of Jews in Europe, but quite a number of fellow European civilians were killed too, and various executions of elites (especially Polish<\/a>). After the war, the victors sought to find those responsible for various war crimes. In these Nuremberg trials, there were 24 defendants,<\/a> and they were given intelligence tests (data here<\/a>). A Reddit poster made this suggestive plot<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

I am not sure why their intelligence was measured, but it was carried out by a Jewish American with German roots called Gustave Gilbert<\/a>. He spent a lot of time in talks with the various Nazis and as part of this, gave them various psychology tests, even the Rorschach inkblot test<\/a>. G\u00f6ring was particularly forthcoming about the nature of political regimes and war:<\/p>\n

G\u00f6ring:<\/b> Why, of course, the people<\/i> don’t want war. Why would some poor slob on a farm want to risk his life in a war when the best that he can get out of it is to come back to his farm in one piece? Naturally, the common people don’t want war; neither in Russia, nor in England, nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders<\/i> of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship.<\/p>\n

Gilbert:<\/b> There is one difference. In a democracy the people have some say in the matter through their elected representatives, and in the United States only Congress<\/a> can declare wars.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6ring:<\/b> Oh, that is all well and good, but, voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists<\/a> for lack of patriotism<\/a> and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

If one looks at the plot above, there seems to be a tendency for the higher IQ Nazis to get better verdicts. I loaded the data into R, and we get this plot:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Mind you, of course, there are only 21 datapoints here, 3 acquittals, 7 prison sentences, and 11 death sentences.<\/p>\n

Statistically speaking, is this enough? Well probably not, but we can try nonetheless. The prison sentences had varying lengths, which is hard to model here, but we can model the data either as binary outcomes for the most or least severe punishments (death vs. not-death, or acquitted vs. not-acquitted). Doing so we obtain the following model results:<\/p>\n

Logistic Regression Model\r\n\r\nlrm(formula = verdict_death ~ IQ, data = d)\r\n\r\n                       Model Likelihood     Discrimination    Rank Discrim.    \r\n                             Ratio Test            Indexes          Indexes    \r\nObs             21    LR chi2      1.79     R2       0.109    C       0.655    \r\n FALSE          10    d.f.            1     R2(1,21) 0.037    Dxy     0.309    \r\n TRUE           11    Pr(> chi2) 0.1809    R2(1,15.7)0.049    gamma   0.321    \r\nmax |deriv| 0.0002                          Brier    0.231    tau-a   0.162    \r\n\r\n          Coef    S.E.   Wald Z Pr(>|Z|)\r\nIntercept  9.3954 7.5090  1.25  0.2109  \r\nIQ        -0.0725 0.0583 -1.24  0.2136  \r\n<\/span><\/span><\/pre>\n
Logistic Regression Model\r\n\r\nlrm(formula = verdict_acquitted ~ IQ, data = d)\r\n\r\n                      Model Likelihood    Discrimination    Rank Discrim.    \r\n                            Ratio Test           Indexes          Indexes    \r\nObs            21    LR chi2      3.41    R2       0.268    C       0.843    \r\n FALSE         18    d.f.            1    R2(1,21) 0.108    Dxy     0.685    \r\n TRUE           3    Pr(> chi2) 0.0649    R2(1,7.7)0.268    gamma   0.725    \r\nmax |deriv| 5e-07                         Brier    0.104    tau-a   0.176    \r\n\r\n          Coef     S.E.    Wald Z Pr(>|Z|)\r\nIntercept -24.6375 14.8535 -1.66  0.0972  \r\nIQ          0.1736  0.1106  1.57  0.1165  \r\n\r\n<\/span><\/span><\/pre>\n
Logistic Regression Model\r\n\r\nlrm(formula = verdict_ordinal ~ IQ, data = d)\r\n\r\n                      Model Likelihood     Discrimination    Rank Discrim.    \r\n                            Ratio Test            Indexes          Indexes    \r\nObs            21    LR chi2      3.01     R2       0.155    C       0.679    \r\n Death         11    d.f.            1     R2(1,21) 0.091    Dxy     0.359    \r\n Prison         7    Pr(> chi2) 0.0828    R2(1,17.1)0.111    gamma   0.376    \r\n Acquitted      3                          Brier    0.233    tau-a   0.224    \r\nmax |deriv| 8e-09                                                             \r\n\r\n             Coef     S.E.   Wald Z Pr(>|Z|)\r\ny>=Prison    -12.3687 7.7419 -1.60  0.1101  \r\ny>=Acquitted -14.2359 7.8862 -1.81  0.0710  \r\nIQ             0.0960 0.0602  1.60  0.1105  <\/span><\/span><\/pre>\n
The R2 values are 11%, 27%, and 16%, however, the p values are .18, .06, .08. So they are certainly suggestive, and would be p < .05 if we stipulated the direction of association (‘one-sided test’). As far as I can see here, there’s nothing more we can do about the data from a statistical perspective, there’s a signal but we can’t be sure.<\/p>\n
To note, of the 24 defendants<\/a>, there were IQ data for 21. Why is it missing for the last 3? Martin Bormann was tried in absentia as his whereabouts were unknown, was given a death sentence, but it turned out he was already dead anyway. Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach was tried in error, as they actually should have tried his son who was running things (which they later did). Robert Ley killed himself before the trial could begin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The Nazis famously carried out a number of atrocities involving the populations under their dominion. Most famously, this involved the mass murders of Jews in Europe, but quite a number of fellow European civilians were killed too, and various executions of elites (especially Polish). After the war, the victors sought to find those responsible for […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":13165,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2351,2591],"tags":[2684],"class_list":["post-13164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-criminology","category-intelligence-iq-cognitive-ability","tag-nazis","entry","has-media"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13164","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13164"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13164\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13264,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13164\/revisions\/13264"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13164"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13164"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13164"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}