{"id":3605,"date":"2013-01-21T08:52:21","date_gmt":"2013-01-21T07:52:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/?p=3605"},"modified":"2013-01-21T08:55:10","modified_gmt":"2013-01-21T07:55:10","slug":"paper-the-impact-of-genetic-enhancement-on-equality-michael-h-shapiro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/2013\/01\/paper-the-impact-of-genetic-enhancement-on-equality-michael-h-shapiro\/","title":{"rendered":"Paper: The impact of genetic enhancement on equality (Michael H. Shapiro)"},"content":{"rendered":"

The impact of genetic enhancement on equality<\/a> found via another paper:\u00a0The rhetoric and reality of gap closing\u2014when the \u201chave-nots\u201d gain but the \u201chaves\u201d gain even more<\/a> (Stephen J. Ceci and Paul B. Papierno), which i was reading becus i was reading varius papers on Linda Gottfredson’s homepage<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/p>\n

There apparently\u00a0 is a genuine\u00a0 possibility\u00a0 that\u00a0 genetic and non-<\/span>
\ngenetic mechanisms eventually will\u00a0 be able to\u00a0 significantly\u00a0 en-<\/span>
\nhance\u00a0 human capabilities and\u00a0 traits generally.\u00a0 Examining<\/span>
\nthis prospect\u00a0 from the\u00a0 standpoint\u00a0 of equality considerations\u00a0 is<\/span>
\none\u00a0 useful way\u00a0 to\u00a0 inquire\u00a0 into the\u00a0 effects\u00a0 of such enhancement<\/span>
\ntechnologies. Because of\u00a0 the nature and\u00a0 limitations\u00a0 of compet-<\/span>
\ning ideas\u00a0 of equality, we are\u00a0 inevitably led to\u00a0 investigate\u00a0 a very<\/span>
\nbroad\u00a0 range\u00a0 of issues.\u00a0 This Article considers matters\u00a0 of distri-<\/span>
\nbution and withholding of scarce enhancement resources and<\/span>
\nlinks different versions of\u00a0 equality to different modes of distri-<\/span>
\nbution.\u00a0 It\u00a0 briefly\u00a0 addresses the\u00a0 difficulties\u00a0 of defining\u00a0 “en-<\/span>
\nhancement”\u00a0 and\u00a0 “trait”\u00a0 and\u00a0 links\u00a0 the idea\u00a0 of\u00a0 a “merit\u00a0 attribute”<\/span>
\nto that of\u00a0 a “resource\u00a0 attractor.” The role of disorder-based\u00a0 jus-<\/span>
\ntifications\u00a0 is related\u00a0 to\u00a0 equality considerations,\u00a0 as is the possi-<\/span>
\nbility\u00a0 of\u00a0 the\u00a0 reduction or “objectification”\u00a0 of persons\u00a0 arising<\/span>
\nfrom\u00a0 the\u00a0 use\u00a0 of enhancement resources.\u00a0 Risks of\u00a0 intensified<\/span>
\nand more entrenched\u00a0 forms of\u00a0 social\u00a0 stratification\u00a0 are outlined.<\/span>
\nThe Article also considers whether the notion of merit can\u00a0 sur-<\/span>
\nvive,\u00a0 and whether the stability\u00a0 of democratic\u00a0 institutions\u00a0 based<\/span>
\non\u00a0 a one-person, one-vote\u00a0 standard is\u00a0 threatened by\u00a0 attitude<\/span>
\nshifts given\u00a0 the new\u00a0 technological\u00a0 prospects.\u00a0 It\u00a0 refers to\u00a0 John<\/span>
\nStuart Mill’s “plural\u00a0 voting” proposal to\u00a0 illustrate one\u00a0 chal-<\/span>
\nlenge to equal-vote\u00a0 democracy.<\/span><\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, it is conceivable that, despite rigorous division of<\/span><\/p>\n

labor, there may be political and social equality of a sort. Different<\/span><\/p>\n

professions, trades, and occupations and the varying aptitudes un-<\/span><\/p>\n

derlying them might be viewed as equally worthy. The “alphas”<\/span><\/p>\n

may be held equal to the “betas,” though their augmentations (via<\/span><\/p>\n

the germ line or the living body) and life-work differ. Perhaps<\/span><\/p>\n

(paradoxically?) there will be an “equality of the enhanced” across<\/span><\/p>\n

their categories of enhancement. But do not count on it.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

sort of. at least one study showed that nootropics have greater effect the lower the intelligence of the population. so, in theory, it is possible that at some theoretical maximum M relative to drug D, the drug wud hav no effect. and everybody under that M wud be boosted to M, given adequate volumes of D.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

i did come across another study with this IQ-drug interaction effect once, but apparently i didnt save it on my computer, and i cant seem to find it again. it is difficult to find papers about exactly this it seems.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

below is a figure form the study i mentioned abov. it is about ritalin:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Effects of methylphenidate (ritalin) on paired-associate learning and porteus maze performance in emotionally disturbed children.<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

somthing similar seems to be the case with modafinil, another nootropic. it wud be interesting to see if ther is any drug-drug interaction between ritalin and modafinil, specifically, whether they stack or not.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modafinil#Cognitive_enhancement<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

here is the best study mentioned on Wikipedia: Cognitive effects of modafinil in student volunteers may depend on IQ<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

as for the topic of cognitiv enhancers in general, see this somewhat recent 2010 systematic overview. it appears that ritalin isnt a good cognitiv enhancer, but modafinil is promising for non-sleep deprived persons. Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals a systematic review<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

–<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

a. Enhancement and democratic theory: Millian plural voting<\/span><\/p>\n

and the attenuation of democracy.<\/span><\/p>\n

i. Kinds of democracy; is one-person, one-vote a defining char-<\/span><\/p>\n

acteristic of democracy? Most persons now acknowledge that there<\/span><\/p>\n

are stunning differences, both inborn and acquired, among individu-<\/span><\/p>\n

als. Not everyone can be a physicist, novelist, grandmaster, astro-<\/span><\/p>\n

naut, juggler, athlete, or model, at least without enhancement, and<\/span><\/p>\n

those who can will vary sharply among themselves in abilities.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

For better or worse, these differences make for serious social,<\/span><\/p>\n

economic, and political inequalities. The question here is what ef-<\/span><\/p>\n

fect these differences in human characteristics ought to have on<\/span><\/p>\n

various matters of political governance. If we are not in fact equal<\/span><\/p>\n

to each other in deliberative ability, judgment, and drive, why do we<\/span><\/p>\n

all have equal voting power in the sense that, when casting ballots<\/span><\/p>\n

in general elections, no one’s vote counts for more than another’s?<\/span><\/p>\n

We are not equal in our knowledge of the issues, our abilities to as-<\/span><\/p>\n

sess competing arguments, the nature and intensities of our prefer-<\/span><\/p>\n

ences, our capacities to contribute to our social and economic sys-<\/span><\/p>\n

tem, our stakes in the outcomes of particular government policies, or<\/span><\/p>\n

even in our very interest in public affairs.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

this topic was the primary reason i started reading this paper.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

i also found som other papers dealing with Millian meritocracy, i suppose one cud call it. i came upon the idea individually, but was preceded by JS Mill with about 200 years.<\/p>\n

his writing on the subject is here: John Stuart Mill – Considerations on Representative Government<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

another paper i found is this: Why Not Epistocracy<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

–<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The impact of genetic enhancement on equality found via another paper:\u00a0The rhetoric and reality of gap closing\u2014when the \u201chave-nots\u201d gain but the \u201chaves\u201d gain even more (Stephen J. Ceci and Paul B. Papierno), which i was reading becus i was reading varius papers on Linda Gottfredson’s homepage. Abstract: There apparently\u00a0 is a genuine\u00a0 possibility\u00a0 that\u00a0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,1925,1861],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ethics-philosophy","category-government-form","category-politics-philosophy","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3605","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3605"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3605\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3617,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3605\/revisions\/3617"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3605"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3605"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}