{"id":7995,"date":"2019-09-05T05:05:05","date_gmt":"2019-09-05T04:05:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/?p=7995"},"modified":"2019-09-09T18:05:26","modified_gmt":"2019-09-09T17:05:26","slug":"new-paper-out-global-ancestry-and-cognitive-ability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/2019\/09\/new-paper-out-global-ancestry-and-cognitive-ability\/","title":{"rendered":"New paper out:  Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability (PNC study)"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Lasker, J., Pesta, B. J., Fuerst, J. G., &amp; Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-8611\/1\/1\/34\/htm\">Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability<\/a>. Psych, 1(1), 431-459.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<section id=\"html-abstract\" class=\"html-abstract\">\n<div class=\"html-p\">Using data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we examined whether European ancestry predicted cognitive ability over and above both parental socioeconomic status (SES) and measures of eye, hair, and skin color. First, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, we verified that strict factorial invariance held between self-identified African and European-Americans. The differences between these groups, which were equivalent to 14.72 IQ points, were primarily (75.59%) due to difference in general cognitive ability (<span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span>), consistent with Spearman\u2019s hypothesis. We found a relationship between European admixture and <span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span>. This relationship existed in samples of (a) self-identified monoracial African-Americans (B = 0.78, <span class=\"html-italic\">n<\/span> = 2,179), (b) monoracial African and biracial African-European-Americans, with controls added for self-identified biracial status (B = 0.85, <span class=\"html-italic\">n<\/span> = 2407), and (c) combined European, African-European, and African-American participants, with controls for self-identified race\/ethnicity (B = 0.75, <span class=\"html-italic\">N<\/span> = 7,273). Controlling for parental SES modestly attenuated these relationships whereas controlling for measures of skin, hair, and eye color did not. Next, we validated four sets of polygenic scores for educational attainment (eduPGS). MTAG, the multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) eduPGS (based on 8442 overlapping variants) predicted <span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span> in both the monoracial African-American (<span class=\"html-italic\">r<\/span> = 0.111, <span class=\"html-italic\">n<\/span> = 2179, <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001), and the European-American (<span class=\"html-italic\">r<\/span> = 0.227, <span class=\"html-italic\">n<\/span> = 4914, <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001) subsamples. We also found large race differences for the means of eduPGS (<span class=\"html-italic\">d<\/span> = 1.89). Using the ancestry-adjusted association between MTAG eduPGS and <span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span> from the monoracial African-American sample as an estimate of the transracially unbiased validity of eduPGS (B = 0.124), the results suggest that as much as 20%\u201325% of the race difference in <span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span> can be na\u00efvely explained by known cognitive ability-related variants. Moreover, path analysis showed that the eduPGS substantially mediated associations between cognitive ability and European ancestry in the African-American sample. Subtest differences, together with the effects of both ancestry and eduPGS, had near-identity with subtest <span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span>-loadings. This finding confirmed a Jensen effect acting on ancestry-related differences. Finally, we confirmed measurement invariance along the full range of European ancestry in the combined sample using local structural equation modeling. Results converge on genetics as a potential partial explanation for group mean differences in intelligence.<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div>This is our largest admixture project to date, pulling together the evidence using polygenic scores and global admixture analysis (see <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/?tag=admixture\">previous posts<\/a>). We confirm all the usual hereditarian predictions using a large sample of European and African American kids and youth from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1053811915002529\">PNC\/TCP sample<\/a>. The dataset also has other groups, mainly about 500 Hispanics, but we left these out to simplify the analysis and its presentation. Many people found <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-8611\/1\/1\/1\">our previous PING study<\/a> hard to understand, so we felt this was needed. Specifically, we showed that:<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Measurement issues can be analyzed with both Jensen&#8217;s method (correlated vectors) and MGCFA, and they give similar results, i.e. lack of notable bias. Table 1 shows MGCFA results. We have more work coming out on this question with the same conclusion but more in depth item-based methods.<\/li>\n<li>In line with previous Jensen method findings, we show that there is a positive manifold among the tests: higher g-loadings, heritability, group gaps (genetic measured or not) etc., all relate positively. Table 14 shows these results.<\/li>\n<li>Genetic ancestry (based on DNA) predicts intelligence in the way expected based on the hereditarian model. This predictive power doesn&#8217;t go entirely away if one controls for parental education, own skin color, or (current) polygenic scores. Results shown in Tables 4-8, 10-13, Figures 3-5.<\/li>\n<li>Polygenic scores for education\/IQ works for both European and African descent people in the PNC. It works better for the European ones, as expected, but about half the validity is retained in the Africans. This makes them a biased genetic measure but not a useless one. We show using this that the PGS mediates some of the ancestry effect, a prediction from the hereditarian model. A perfect PGS is expected to completely mediate the predictive power of genetic ancestry, so we expect as stronger GWASs are published, this will increasingly occur. In fact, we should have shown this by using the older GWASs. Results in Table 8 and Figure 4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For a good quantitative background on understanding the results, I recommend reading the simulations we published in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-8611\/1\/1\/1\/s1\">the PING paper supplement<\/a>. It goes over why we modeled the data in this way since we simulated polygenic group differences and admixture analysis from first principles and showed the methods make sense. If you want the R code for that to play with it yourself, <a href=\"https:\/\/rpubs.com\/EmilOWK\/how_to_genetic_group_differences\">it can be found here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Coverage by others:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reddit threads: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/heredity\/comments\/czd2n1\/global_ancestry_and_cognitive_ability\/\">r\/heredity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/inductivist.blogspot.com\/2019\/09\/blockbuster-study-on-black-white-gap-in.html\">Inductivist:\u00a0 Blockbuster study on the black-white gap in intelligence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unz.com\/isteve\/global-ancestry-and-cognitive-ability\/\">Steve Sailer: &#8220;Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability&#8221;<\/a>, also on <a href=\"https:\/\/vdare.com\/posts\/global-ancestry-and-cognitive-ability-a-new-study-of-racial-admixture-and-iq-scores\">VDare<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Main figures and tables:<\/p>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 1.<\/b> Factor score differences between African and European-Americans based on the Weak Spearman\u2019s Hypothesis Model.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Factor<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Estimate<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Lower 95% CI<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Upper 95% CI<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">1.046<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0.020<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">1.007<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">1.085<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Complex Reasoning<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0.356<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0.026<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0.305<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0.407<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Executive Functioning<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.055<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0.028<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.109<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.0001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Episodic Memory<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<div id=\"psych-01-00034-f001\" class=\"html-fig-wrap\">\n<div class=\"html-fig_img\">\n<div class=\"html-figpopup html-figpopup-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8006 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig1-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"html-fig_description\"><b>Figure 1.<\/b> Probability distribution for identifying as African-, biracial African-European, and European-American as a function of genetic ancestry for the Trajectories of Complex Phenotypes (TCP) sample.<\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"psych-01-00034-f002\" class=\"html-fig-wrap\">\n<div class=\"html-fig_img\">\n<div class=\"html-figpopup html-figpopup-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8007 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig2-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"html-fig_description\"><b>Figure 2.<\/b> Regression plot of the relation between color (with higher values indicating darker color) and European genetic ancestry.<\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 2.<\/b> Sample characteristics for the African, European, and biracial African-European-American participants.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Age (SD; N)<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">% European (SD; N)<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Mean SES (SD; N)<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Mean <span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span> Score (SD; N)<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Mean Color (SD; N)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">African<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">14.08 (3.75; 2227)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.187 (0.117; 2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.57 (0.77; 2180)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.01 (1.07; 2179)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">30.96 (5.87; 1557)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Biracial African-European<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">13.15 (3.58; 232)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.796 (0.289; 232)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.16 (0.95; 230)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.14 (1.05; 228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">19.18 (7.61; 166)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">European<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">13.76 (3.64; 4937)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.986 (0.059; 4939)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.33 (0.96; 4909)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.00 (1.01; 4914)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">14.70 (3.84; 3862)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> Standard deviations and sample sizes appear in parentheses. SES = socioeconomic status.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 3.<\/b> Pairwise correlations among African-, African-European, and European-Americans.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Cognitive Ability<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SES<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Euro. Ancestry<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Afr. Ancestry<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE EA<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE AA<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Color<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EduPGS<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Cognitive Ability<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SES<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.406 (7253)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">European Ancestry<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.411 (7321)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.412 (7319)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">African Ancestry<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.411 (7321)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.412 (7319)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.000 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE EA<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.408 (7321)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.413 (7319)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.964 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.964 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE AA<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.387 (7321)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.395 (7319)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.928 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.928 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">-0.930 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.359 (5534)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.354 (5530)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.875 (5585)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.875 (5585)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.838 (5585)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.812 (5585)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.402 (7321)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.445 (7319)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.672 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.672 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.645 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.630 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.614 (7399)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> All values significant at <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.0001. Pairwise <span class=\"html-italic\">N<\/span> in parentheses. SES = socioeconomic status, SIRE = self-identified race\/ethnicity, eduPGS = education polygenic score.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 4.<\/b> Pairwise correlations among self-identified monoracial African-American (below the diagonal) and self-identified monoracial and biracial African-European-American (above the diagonal).<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Cognitive Ability<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SES<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Euro. Ancestry<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Afro. Ancestry<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Color<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EduPGS<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Cognitive Ability<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.315 * (2367)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.251 * (2407)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.251 * (2407)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.188 * (1690)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.212 * (2407)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SES<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.256 * (2140)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.276 * (2410)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.276 * (2410)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.184 * (1690)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.244 * (2410)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">European Ancestry<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.086 * (2179)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.054 * (2180)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.000 * (2460)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.639 * (1723)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.522 * (2460)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">African Ancestry<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.086 * (2179)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.054 * (2180)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.000 * (1854)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.639 * (1723)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.522 * (2460)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.084 * (1526)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.047 (1524)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.389 * (1557)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.389 * (1557)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.394 * (1723)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.112 * (2179)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.119 * (2180)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.328 * (2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.328 * (2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.187 * (1557)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> * Significant at <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.01. Pairwise <span class=\"html-italic\">N<\/span> in parentheses. SES = socioeconomic status, eduPGS = education polygenic score.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 5.<\/b> Regression analysis for European ancestry as a predictor of g among monoracial African-Americans with controls for skin color (Model 2), and SES (Model 3) added.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 1<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 1b<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 2<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Predictor<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u03b2<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u03b2<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u03b2<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u03b2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Intercept<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.16<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.82<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.06<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.997<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.05<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.09<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.996<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.83<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.09<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.995<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.78 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.19<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.09 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.83 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.24<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.10 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.67 **<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.23<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.08 **<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Skin Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.13 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.09 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.07<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.05<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.06<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SES<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.36 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.28 ***<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Adjusted R<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.007<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.006<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.013<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.082<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">N<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">2179<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1526<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1526<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1500<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> * <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001. Model 1b shows the results with color as an alternative predictor. EUR = European ancestry. SES = socioeconomic status.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 6.<\/b> Regression analysis for European ancestry as a predictor of g among monoracial and biracial African-European-Americans with controls for SIRE (Model 2), skin color (Model 3b), and SES (Model 4) added.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 1<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 2<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 3a<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 3b<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 4<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Predictor<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Intercept<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.22<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.17<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.62<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.05<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.07<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.08<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.83<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1.21 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.09<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.85 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.15<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.80 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.19<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.55 **<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE: EA<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.35 **<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.12<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.27 *<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.13<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.18<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Skin Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.25 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.06<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.05<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SES<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.37<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Adjusted R<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.063<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.066<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.035<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.065<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.134<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">N<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">2407<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">2407<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1690<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1690<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1664<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> * <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001. EUR = European ancestry. SES = socioeconomic status, SIRE = self-identified race\/ethnicity.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"psych-01-00034-f003\" class=\"html-fig-wrap\">\n<div class=\"html-fig_img\">\n<div class=\"html-figpopup html-figpopup-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8008 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig3-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"html-fig_description\"><b>Figure 3.<\/b> Regression plot for the relation between g and European ancestry (r = 0.411).<\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 7.<\/b> Regression analysis for European ancestry as a predictor of g among African-, European-, and biracial African-European-Americans with controls for SIRE (Model 2) skin color (Model 3), and SES (Model 4) Added.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 1<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 2<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 3a<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 3b<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 4<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Predictor<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Intercept<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.22<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.15<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.09<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.28<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.09<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.11<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.91<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1.23 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.75 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.13<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.74 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.16<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.59 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE: EA<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.41 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.11<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.35 **<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.12<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.22 *<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE: AA<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.00<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.08<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.02<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.09<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Skin Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.40 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.02<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SES<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.34 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Adjusted R<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.169<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.170<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.129<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.166<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.238<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">N<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">7321<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">7321<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">5534<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">5534<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">5488<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> * <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001. EUR = European ancestry. SES = socioeconomic status, SIRE = self-identified race\/ethnicity.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 8.<\/b> Pairwise correlations between cognitive ability and education\/intelligence-related polygenic scores (European-American above the diagonal, African-American below).<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Cognitive Ability<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Putative Causal<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">GWAS_edu PGS<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">MTAG_10K_eduPGS<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">MTAG_Lead<br \/>\neduPGS<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Cognitive Ability<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.058 *** (4914)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.225 *** (4914)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.227 *** (4914)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.210 *** (4914)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Putative Causal_edu PGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.031<br \/>\n(2179)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.216 *** (4939)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.315 *** (4939)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.348 *** (4939)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">GWAS_edu PGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.044 * (2179)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.135 *** (2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.645 *** (4939)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.574 *** (4939)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">MTAG_10K_eduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.112 *** (2179)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.228 *** (2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.484 *** (2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.837 *** (4939)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">MTAG_Lead_PGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.094 *** (2179)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.266 *** (2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.453 *** (2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.801 *** (2228)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> * Significant at <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.05; ** Significant at <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.01; *** Significant at <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001. <span class=\"html-italic\">N<\/span> in parentheses. GWAS = genome-wide association study (standard one-at-a-time regression), MTAG = multi-trait analysis of GWAS, eduPGS = education polygenic score, lead = genome wide-<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"psych-01-00034-f004\" class=\"html-fig-wrap\">\n<div class=\"html-fig_img\">\n<div class=\"html-figpopup html-figpopup-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8009 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig4-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"html-fig_description\"><b>Figure 4.<\/b> Regression plot for the predictive validity of MTAG 10k eduPGS with Respect to g in the African-American (Red; r = 0.112) and European-American (Blue; r = 0.227) Samples.<\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 9.<\/b> Mean racial differences in eduPGS (MTAG_10k).<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">N<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">M<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">SD<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">European-American<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">4939<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0.00<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">1.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">Biracial African-European-American<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">232<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.59<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">1.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">African-American<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">2228<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.79<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">0.81<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 10.<\/b> Regression results for the effect of eduPGS on cognitive ability among monoracial African-Americans.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 1b<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 2b<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Predictor<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Intercept<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.88<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.08<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.75<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.50 *<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.21<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.51 *<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.12 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.13 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.07<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Adjusted R<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.014<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.021<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">N<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">2179<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1526<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> * <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001. EUR = European ancestry. eduPGS = education polygenic score.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 11.<\/b> Regression results for the effect of eduPGS on cognitive ability among African, biracial African-European, and European-Americans.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 1b<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 2b<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Predictor<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Intercept<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.73<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.09<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.64<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.29 *<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.13<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.27<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE: EA<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.44 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.10<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.37 **<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SIRE: AA<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.07<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.21 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.20 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Adjusted R<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.200<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.196<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">N<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">7321<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">5534<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> * <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001. EUR = European ancestry. SES = socioeconomic status, SIRE = self-identified race\/ethnicity, eduPGS = education polygenic score.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 12.<\/b> Regression results for the effect of eduPGS on cognitive ability among European-Americans.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 1<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 2<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Model 3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Predictor<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">B<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">SE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Intercept<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.45<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.25<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.02<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.24<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.03<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.45<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.25<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.02<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.24<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.23 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.01<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.22 ***<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.02<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Adjusted R<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.000<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.051<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.50<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">N<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">4914<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">4914<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">3844<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note:<\/span> * <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.01, ** <span class=\"html-italic\">p<\/span> &lt; 0.001. EUR = European ancestry. SES = socioeconomic status, SIRE = self-identified race\/ethnicity, eduPGS = education polygenic score.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"psych-01-00034-f005\" class=\"html-fig-wrap\">\n<div class=\"html-fig_img\">\n<div class=\"html-figpopup html-figpopup-link\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/psych\/psych-01-00034\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/psych-01-00034-g005-550.jpg\" alt=\"Psych 01 00034 g005 550\" data-large=\"\/psych\/psych-01-00034\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/psych-01-00034-g005.png\" data-original=\"\/psych\/psych-01-00034\/article_deploy\/html\/images\/psych-01-00034-g005.png\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"html-fig_description\"><b>Figure 5.<\/b> Path diagram for relation between European Ancestry, color, eduPGS, and g in the African-American sample.<\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 13.<\/b> Detailed results for path diagram.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Unstandardized Estimate<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">S.E.<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">P value<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Lower 95% CI<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Upper 95% CI<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Standardized Estimate<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u279c<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.512<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.255<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.045<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.013<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1.012<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.059<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u279c<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">2.515<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.156<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.000<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">2.209<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">2.821<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.381<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u279c<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.131<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.036<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.000<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.060<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.202<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.099<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Skin Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u279c<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">G<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.066<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.043<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.120<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.150<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.017<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.043<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">EUR<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\u279c<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Skin Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22122.209<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.133<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.000<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22122.469<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22121.949<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.392<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Skin Color<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-left\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\"><b>~<\/b><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.020<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.012<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.089<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.044<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.003<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">\u22120.044<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note<\/span>: EUR = European ancestry.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>&#8212;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"html-caption\"><b>Table 14.<\/b> Results from Jensen\u2019s Method of Correlated Vectors.<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span> Loading<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">B-W h<sup>2<\/sup><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Ancestry <span class=\"html-italic\">r<\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS <span class=\"html-italic\">r<\/span> (European-American)<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS <span class=\"html-italic\">r<\/span> (African American)<\/th>\n<th class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">African\/European Gap<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"html-italic\">g<\/span> loading<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">B-W h<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.372<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">Ancestry <span class=\"html-italic\">r<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.941<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.467<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS <span class=\"html-italic\">r<\/span> (European-American)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.892<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.604<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.993<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">eduPGS <span class=\"html-italic\">r<\/span> (African-American)<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.901<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.600<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.836<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.846<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">African\/European gap<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.929<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.478<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.997<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.926<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">0.813<\/td>\n<td class=\"html-align-center\" align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"html-table_foot html-p\">\n<div class=\"html-p\"><span class=\"html-fn-content\"><span class=\"html-italic\">Note: N<\/span> (subtest) = 10. eduPGS = education polygenic score, h\u00b2 = heritability.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lasker, J., Pesta, B. J., Fuerst, J. G., &amp; Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2019). Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability. Psych, 1(1), 431-459. Using data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we examined whether European ancestry predicted cognitive ability over and above both parental socioeconomic status (SES) and measures of eye, hair, and skin color. First, using [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2463,2591],"tags":[1992,2747],"class_list":["post-7995","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genomics","category-intelligence-iq-cognitive-ability","tag-admixture","tag-philadelphia-neurodevelopmental-cohort","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7995","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7995"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7995\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8012,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7995\/revisions\/8012"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7995"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7995"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7995"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}