{"id":9157,"date":"2020-12-22T16:07:48","date_gmt":"2020-12-22T15:07:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/?p=9157"},"modified":"2021-10-07T18:42:35","modified_gmt":"2021-10-07T17:42:35","slug":"new-paper-out-what-happened-to-brussels-the-big-decline-and-muslim-immigration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/2020\/12\/new-paper-out-what-happened-to-brussels-the-big-decline-and-muslim-immigration\/","title":{"rendered":"New paper out: What Happened to Brussels? The Big Decline and Muslim Immigration"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/347564022_What_Happened_to_Brussels_The_Big_Decline_and_Muslim_Immigration\">Researchgate link (ungated)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">Kirkegaard, E. O. W., &amp; Dumoulin, B. (2020). What Happened to Brussels? The Big Decline and Muslim Immigration. <i>Mankind Quarterly<\/i>, <i>61<\/i>(2). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46469\/mq.2020.61.2.8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46469\/mq.2020.61.2.8<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>We examined regional inequality in Belgium, both in the 19 communes of Brussels and in the country as a whole (n = 589 communes). We find very strong relationships between Muslim% of the population and a variety of social outcomes such as crime rate, educational attainment, and median income. For the 19 communes of Brussels, we find a correlation of -.94 between Muslim% and a general factor of socioeconomic variables (S factor) based on 22 diverse indicators. The slope for this relationship is -7.52, meaning that a change in S going from 0% to 100% Muslim corresponds to a worsening of overall social well-being by 7.52 (commune-level) standard deviations. For the entire country, we have data for 8 measures of social inequality. Analysis of the indicators shows an S factor which is very similar to the one from the Brussels data only based on the full set of indicators (r\u2019s = .98). In the full dataset, the correlation between S and Muslim% is -.52, with a slope of -8.05. Adding covariates for age, population density, and spatial autocorrelation changes this slope to -8.77. Thus, the expected change going from a 0% to 100% Muslim population is -8.77 standard deviations in general social well-being. We discuss our findings in relation to other research on immigration and social inequality, with a focus on the causal influence of intelligence on life outcomes in general.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h1>Figures<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belgium_Muslim_S_weights_prov.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9158 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belgium_Muslim_S_weights_prov-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belgium_Muslim_S_weights_prov-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belgium_Muslim_S_weights_prov-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belgium_Muslim_S_weights_prov-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belgium_Muslim_S_weights_prov-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Belgium_Muslim_S_weights_prov-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/belgium_S_loadings.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9159 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/belgium_S_loadings-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/belgium_S_loadings-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/belgium_S_loadings-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/belgium_S_loadings-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/belgium_S_loadings-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/belgium_S_loadings-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_decline.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9160 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_decline-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_decline-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_decline-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_decline-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_decline-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_decline-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings_Jensen.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9161 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings_Jensen-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings_Jensen-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings_Jensen-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings_Jensen-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings_Jensen-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings_Jensen-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_Muslim_S.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9162 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_Muslim_S-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_Muslim_S-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_Muslim_S-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_Muslim_S-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_Muslim_S-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_Muslim_S-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9163 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_loadings-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_North_African_S_wtd.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9164 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_North_African_S_wtd-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_North_African_S_wtd-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_North_African_S_wtd-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_North_African_S_wtd-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_North_African_S_wtd-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Brussels_North_African_S_wtd-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/S_map.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9165 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/S_map-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/S_map-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/S_map-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/S_map-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/S_map-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/S_map-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Muslim_pct_map.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9166 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Muslim_pct_map-1024x666.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Muslim_pct_map-1024x666.png 1024w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Muslim_pct_map-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Muslim_pct_map-768x499.png 768w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Muslim_pct_map-1536x998.png 1536w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Muslim_pct_map-2048x1331.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h1>Tables<\/h1>\n<p data-wp-editing=\"1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9167 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-07-06.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"717\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-07-06.png 717w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-07-06-300x191.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9168 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-07-00.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"618\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-07-00.png 711w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-07-00-300x261.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9169 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-52.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"711\" height=\"304\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-52.png 711w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-52-300x128.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9170 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-47.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"714\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-47.png 714w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-47-300x138.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9171 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-39.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"725\" height=\"734\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-39.png 725w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-39-296x300.png 296w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9172 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-32.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"697\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-32.png 697w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-32-300x196.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 697px) 100vw, 697px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9173 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-25.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"699\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-25.png 699w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-06-25-275x300.png 275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9175 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-05-56.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"716\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-05-56.png 716w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-05-56-300x146.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-9176 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-05-45.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"771\" height=\"867\" srcset=\"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-05-45.png 771w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-05-45-267x300.png 267w, https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-from-2020-12-22-16-05-45-768x864.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Researchgate link (ungated) Kirkegaard, E. O. W., &amp; Dumoulin, B. (2020). What Happened to Brussels? The Big Decline and Muslim Immigration. Mankind Quarterly, 61(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46469\/mq.2020.61.2.8 We examined regional inequality in Belgium, both in the 19 communes of Brussels and in the country as a whole (n = 589 communes). We find very strong relationships between [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":9162,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2468,2591],"tags":[2575,2905,2231],"class_list":["post-9157","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-immigration","category-intelligence-iq-cognitive-ability","tag-belgium","tag-brussels","tag-muslim","entry","has-media"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9157","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9157"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9157\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9668,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9157\/revisions\/9668"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9157"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9157"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/emilkirkegaard.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9157"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}